OGC GeoSPARQL
- Title
- OGC GeoSPARQL
- URI
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql
- Description
- An RDF/OWL vocabulary for representing spatial information. This vocabulary is based on the effort of OGC to provide 'standard' terms in RDF for describing geographic data on the Web.
- Languages
- English
- Ontology languages
- OWL
- Ontology format
- RDF/XML
- Issued
- 2012-4-30
- Version
- OGC GeoSPARQL 1.0
- Alignments
- See alignments
See more information about this ontology in Linked Open Vocabularies.
Evaluation results
The following evaluation results have been generated by the RESTFul web service provided by OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!).
It is obvious that not all the pitfalls are equally important; their impact in the ontology will depend on multiple factors. For this reason, each pitfall has an importance level attached indicating how important it is. We have identified three levels:
- Critical
- It is crucial to correct the pitfall. Otherwise, it could affect the ontology consistency, reasoning, applicability, etc.
- Important
- Though not critical for ontology function, it is important to correct this type of pitfall.
- Minor
- It is not really a problem, but by correcting it we will make the ontology nicer.
Ontology terms lack annotations properties. This kind of properties improves the ontology understanding and usability from a user point of view.
This pitfall affects to the following ontology elements:
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#AbstractGeometry
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#BSpline
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#AbstractCurveSegment
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#semanticRelation
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#ArcString
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#LinearRing
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Sphere
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#CubicSpline
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#OffsetCurve
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Bezier
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#GeodesicString
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Tin
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Polygon
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#PolygonPatch
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#AbstractSurfacePatch
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#OrientableSurface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#ArcByCenterPoint
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#OrientableCurve
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#CompositeSurface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Arc
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrowerTransitive
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#relatedMatch
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broadMatch
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#TriangulatedSurface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Triangle
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#ArcStringByBulge
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Shell
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Surface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#LineString
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#CircleByCenterPoint
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Cylinder
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#Collection
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#OrderedCollection
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Point
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#PolyhedralSurface
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#member
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Circle
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#hasTopConcept
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Ring
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#ArcByBulge
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiSolid
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiGeometry
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#PolynomialSpline
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrowMatch
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#CompositeCurve
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Cone
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#GeometricComplex
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#Concept
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Composite
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#LineStringSegment
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#topConceptOf
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Rectangle
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Clothoid
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#AbstractParametricCurveSurface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Solid
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiCurve
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiPoint
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#AbstractGeometricPrimitive
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broaderTransitive
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiSurface
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#ConceptScheme
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#CompositeSolid
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Curve
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#closeMatch
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Geodesic
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#AbstractGriddedSurface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#SplineCurve
Relationships and/or attributes without domain or range (or none of them) are included in the ontology. There are situations in which the relation is very general and the range should be the most general concept "Thing". However, in other cases, the relations are more specific and it could be a good practice to specify its domain and/or range. An example of this type of pitfall is to create the relationship "hasWritten" in an ontology about art in which the relationship domain should be "Writer" and the relationship range should be "LiteraryWork". This pitfall is related to the common error when defining ranges and domains described in [3].
This pitfall affects to the following ontology elements:
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#exactMatch
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrowerTransitive
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#related
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broaderTransitive
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#relatedMatch
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#mappingRelation
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broadMatch
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrowMatch
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#closeMatch
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower
This pitfall appears when a relationship (except for the symmetric ones) has not an inverse relationship defined within the ontology. For example, the case in which the ontology developer omits the inverse definition between the relations "hasLanguageCode" and "isCodeOf", or between "hasReferee" and "isRefereeOf".
This pitfall affects to the following ontology elements:
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#hasGeometry
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#defaultGeometry
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#memberList
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#mappingRelation
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#member
- http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#semanticRelation
Two or more classes have the same content in the "rdfs:label" annotation. In some cases they could be defined as equivalent classes (e.g. if they are defined in different namespaces) or they could be replaced by a single class with one or more labels (e.g. if they are defined in the same namespace).
This pitfall affects to the following ontology elements:
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Point , http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#Point
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#Geometry , http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#Geometry
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Triangle , http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#Triangle
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#MultiPoint , http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiPoint
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#TIN , http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Tin
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#LinearRing , http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#LinearRing
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#LineString , http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#LineString
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Surface , http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#Surface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiCurve , http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#MultiCurve
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#PolyhedralSurface , http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#PolyhedralSurface
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#Curve , http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Curve
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#Polygon , http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#Polygon
- http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#MultiSurface , http://www.opengis.net/ont/gml#MultiSurface
References:
- [1] Gómez-Pérez, A. Ontology Evaluation. Handbook on Ontologies. S. Staab and R. Studer Editors. Springer. International Handbooks on Information Systems. Pp: 251 – 274. 2004.
- [2] Noy, N.F., McGuinness. D. L. Ontology development 101: A guide to creating your first ontology. Technical Report SMI-2001-0880, Standford Medical Informatics. 2001.
- [3] Rector, A., Drummond, N., Horridge, M., Rogers, J., Knublauch, H., Stevens, R.,; Wang, H., Wroe, C. ''Owl pizzas: Practical experience of teaching owl–dl: Common errors and common patterns''. In Proc. of EKAW 2004, pp: 63 – 81. Springer. 2004.
- [4] Hogan, A., Harth, A., Passant, A., Decker, S., Polleres, A. Weaving the Pedantic Web. Linked Data on the Web Workshop LDOW2010 at WWW2010 (2010).
- [5] Archer, P., Goedertier, S., and Loutas, N. D7.1.3 – Study on persistent URIs, with identification of best practices and recommendations on the topic for the MSs and the EC. Deliverable. December 17, 2012.
- [6] Heath, T., Bizer, C.: Linked data: Evolving the Web into a global data space (1st edition). Morgan & Claypool (2011).